The Influence of Locke’s Social Contract on the...

The Influence of Locke’s Social Contract on The Declaration of Independence During the 1700s the American settlers suffered the abuses from their Mother England, and constantly fought through the rebellious spirit that lived within them. As their last hopes for independence dissolved by the greediness of the king, a man raised his voice, encouraging his subalterns to defend their freedoms. Richard Henry Lee proclaimed, â€Å"that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, and that all connections between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, dissolved†(29). The incentive had been brought to life again. Lee’s call for independence triggered debate among the delegates of the colonies†¦show more content†¦It is also relevant to point out that under Locke’s theory all men are created equal in the sense that we all are entitled to these rights (life, liberty, and property), and this is also the case with the rights of the Declaration of Independence (life, liberty, and the p ursuit of happiness). Because humans are born with these universal rights, Locke argued that a universal standard of morality was present even during the â€Å"State of Nature†. To Locke, the â€Å"State of Nature† is a state in which every human being is his own king, who answers to no higher authority than his own conscience and will. Although this â€Å"State of Nature† offers complete freedom; this freedom is accompanied by an amorphous mass of fears and insecurities that stem from devolution that Locke called the â€Å"State of War†. The â€Å"State of War† occurs when one individual tyrannizes another (either to enslave him or to take over his property) and the victim of this relationship rightfully decides to defend himself. In the â€Å"State of War† the tyrant tries to deprive the individual of the rights that he is naturally entitled to. As the name â€Å"State of War† indicates, there is usually violence involved in this conflict of power. Due to the unstable quality of the freedom from the â€Å"State ofShow MoreRelatedAge Of Enlightenment755 Words   |  4 Pagesencouraging the American and French Revolutions. The Enlightenment brought about a new age of philosophical and intellectual thinkers, such as John Locke, which helped shape and influence modern government and politics. John Locke is recognized as the father of classical liberalism, introducing the Two Treatises of Government, Social Contract, and private property, which formed the basis for the constitutions in westernized democratic powers such as the United States of America and the United Kingdom. TheRead MoreSocial Contract Theory of John Locke Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Contract Theory of John Locke Given the honored and extensive authority that the social contract theory upholds, the supposition still endures various assessments. The view that people’s ethical and political responsibilities are reliant upon a contract between them to structure a society is also precisely linked with current ethical and political theory. John Locke (b. 1632, d. 1704), a prominent truth-seeker among other professions of the 17th and early 18th centuries, is primarily recognizedRead MoreJohn Locke s Theory Of The Declaration Of Independence2480 Words   |  10 Pagescontemporary empiricists. He also contributed to the social contract theory. This theory states that: individuals in a society consent to surrender some of their freedoms in exchange for protection of their other rights. Due to his contributions, many people believe that he influenced a great number of thinkers in history, including Thomas Jefferson, the main author of the Declaration of Independence. In this essay, I will be focusing on John Locke’s liberal theory. Furthermore, I will discuss how hisRead MoreJohn Locke1815 Words   |  8 Pagesfor the enlightenment came primarily from the Englishmen, John Locke. John Locke was a philosophical influence in both political theory and theoretical philosophy, which was embraced among the era of 1789-1914 and the concept of equal rights among men. John Locke’s writings influenced the works of multiple diplomats concerning liberty and the social contract between society and the government. Locke’s ideology of man and power was the base for the concept of separation of powers. As one of the enlightenmentRead MoreEnlightenment : The Age Of Enlightenment And The Enlightenment782 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment of the United States Government. The Declaration of Independence, Constitution Bill of rights and The Federalist Papers were all influenced by important enlightenment ideas of freedom, unavailable rights, and government. Declaration of Independence ideas such as life liberty and property, unavailable rights and inequality were all inspired by John Locke, Thomas Hobbes and, Rousseau ideas.   Thomas Jefferson (writer of the Declaration of Independence) was directly influenced by locke when heRead MoreThe Influence Of The American Revolution And The Enlightenment799 Words   |  4 PagesNeither the United States Constitution, nor the Declaration of Independence, were written in an ideological vacuum. Rather, the ideas expressed by the various philosophers during the century and leading up to the American Revolution had tremendous influence over the Founders of the United States. These ideas came together in the creation of the U.S. constitution, working in tandem to lay the foundation for the way the government should be structured, as well as the core philosophy behind the countryRead MoreThe Human Nature Aspects Of Self Interest846 Words   |  4 Pagesstate of nature. In the state of nature, everyone would have a right to do anything and everything in the world. But this could inevi tably lead to a conflict, like a war against each other. But to escape a war, humans would have to accede to a social contract. Society is a population of sovereign authority, where individuals seek natural rights for protection. This new idea of him was a big key in the philosopher who followed him and elaborated on his theories of rights. Hobbes is remembered for hisRead MoreHow Did The Enlightenment Thinkers Influence The Enlightenment?955 Words   |  4 PagesEnlightenment thinkers had a huge impact on how we view, and run our government today. They contributed greatly to the influences we have in our world and even the laws we abide by in our world today. These thinkers were extremely influential to our government and how they shaped the country. The reason being, they had amazing ideas that went for the better of the people, and that was exactly the dream that they had for the U.S. We follow what they said, and thought, and put our own twist on it toRead MoreJohn Locke: Founding Father of Modern Era Liberalism1444 Words   |  6 Pagestheory reflected modern era liberalism the most. For this paper I will be arguing that, John Locke provides a more compelling framework of modern era liberalism because of his perception of the state of nature, the social contract and the function of government. Before explaining how Locke’s philosophy reflects modern liberalism, it is important to first understand the characteristics that make up modern liberalism. Modern era liberalism stresses the idea that individuals are of great importance inRead MoreNiccolo Machiavellis Change In The Scientific Revolution And Secularism Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pagesshows how several other thinkers employed the scientific method into their thinking, such as Jeremy Bentham’s algorithm to measure happiness, John Locke’s membership in the scientific Royal Society and his many scientific experiments, Hobbe’s contributions to geometry, and Thomas Jefferson’s reinvention of the plow. He also portrays Machiavelli as a â€Å"social scientist.† The scientific interests and contributions of these philosophers represent the move towards reason and logic, as well as the idea of

Ethical And Ethical Models Of The Asian Mining Sector

As a manager working for a large Australian business corporation in the mining sector, situations often arise in negotiations with other countries that are unethical by Western cultural standards. In this situation, negotiations with another manager from the Asian mining sector have reached some hurdles, and information has been received that giving the Asian manager an expensive gift will secure the business contract, as is accustomed in many Asian countries (Han Fan, Woodbine, Scully, 2012). This particular situation is classified by Australian law as bribery and as such poses both a legal and ethical dilemma to the manager in charge of making this decision (Pedigo, Marshall, 2009). In order to ensure that an ethically sound outcome is†¦show more content†¦The benefits for the Australian company would mainly be in the favour of the company as a whole, as securing this deal will result in an increase in business and competiveness, while it would also benefit the employees a s they would not be in any danger of job loses. It would also benefit external stakeholders such as other companies that they interact directly with, because they would continue to supply and support each other (Barnes, Yen, Zhou 2010). Most of the negative affects that will arise directly result because of the nature of the deal. Bribery is illegal in Australia and as such is frowned upon and scrutinised (Sanchez-Runde, Nardon and Steers, 2013). This will affect the company’s image as well as individuals involved with company, with the manager who carried out the deal bearing the majority (Sacconi, 2006). The second model that can be used to assess the ethical dilemma is the moral rights model. This model aims to protect the fundamental rights and privileges of stakeholders (Waddell, Jones and George, 2012). This model is arguably the most applicable because of the

Assignment 1 Ptlls, Level 4 Free Essays

Assignment 1 – PTLLS – Level 4 Task 1. Establishing ground rules and promoting appropriate behaviour. Level 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment 1 Ptlls, Level 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Explain the different approaches you have discovered for establishing ground rules to value the contributions of others and understand the need for respect? Ground rules can be agreed as a group or as a class, having a mutual agreement from the class helps establish and promote respect for each other, knowing what is intended from the class and taking responsibility for learning as individuals and as a group, as working as a team and respecting each others opinions, and agreeing to disagree, however still respecting the other person’s opinions. Discussing and agreeing ground rules with the class makes for transparency and openness with the class and individual awareness of this matter. Ideally it may resolve any animosity. Inclusive learning is about recognizing that each learner is different from other learners in many ways. As a teacher; you need to work in partnership with your learners to ensure that learning is effective. Partnerships always work best when both sides know where they stand. If your learners understand what is required of them and what they can expect from you, they are more likely to make the necessary commitment to learning and to be successful in achieving their aims and ambitions. Gravells and Simpson 2008, p. 21) Promoting appropriate behaviour so that individuals respect each other and this would also help eradicate bullying style of behaviour. Although, you would think this would not happen with adults, however it does. ‘The know it all’, explaining to the class whilst interrupting teaching, giving too many personal experiences or examples, this can be really frustrating for the learner, who needs to listen and understand the point of the teacher. Once ground rules have been established this would make the individual / class aware of their own behaviour for example ‘only having one conversation at a time in the class’ and ‘respecting other people’s contributions’. Has adults in a further education environment, one would know how to behave appropriately. Ice-breakers are a great way of getting to know each other, having fun and knowing something about someone can also promote respect. Well-chosen icebreakers can ease learners through the discomfort of getting to know others, and the teacher better. They can help to set a positive atmosphere for learner interactions and encourage interest in the overall learning experience. (Gravells and Simpson 2008, p. 10) Having boundaries for a teacher and learner also promotes respect and appropriate behaviour for the teacher and the learners. This may include personal space, physical contact, other students within the institution, the age of the student being taught, the location: college, work place, training etc. This is also to safe guard minors, well being, duty of care, equality and work ethics, it is important not to overstep these. For example; if a teacher accepts a gift such as money or diamonds, this maybe considered has favourtism, bribery, (boundaries can be agreed about giving / receiving gifts, thus the type of gift presented to either party) and if a teacher gives gifts to a minor this maybe considered as grooming, it is important not to overstep this grey area. (Gravells and Simpson 2008, p. 1 and 12) explains the reasoning behind ground rules: Agreeing ground rules with learners Under the new Professional Standards for Teachers, Tutors and Trainers in the Lifelong Learning Sector your aim will be to create a safe learning environment that promotes tolerance, respect and co-operation between your learners. One of the best ways of achieving this is to develop an agreement with your learners regarding ground rules. These are rules that should be agreed by, and followed by, all lea rners within your group. Involving your learners in the process encourages them to take responsibility and ownership for their own learning. Your learners will learn best in an environment in which they are able to participate, voice their opinions, ask questions and be actively involved in determining how they will learn. Ground rules should be agreed by the whole group rather than imposed by you. By showing an interest in their decisions, you are communicating with your learners that they are valued as individuals, who bring useful skills and knowledge to the session. You might think that they will agree to switch off their mobile phones and arrive on time. However, it might be useful to get them to think about dividing their ground rules into rights and responsibilities; for example: †¢ We have a right to: o Be treated with respect; o Be listened to; o Be assured of confidentiality. †¢ We have a responsibility to: o Be on time for sessions; o Not disrupt the session; o Switch off mobile phones. (Gravells and Simpson 2008, p. 11 and 12) We all have a right to learn, listen and contribute in class, as individuals will have their own intent for how and what end results they desire. Knowing this contributes to respect for others, as we all have different learning styles. Has an individual has paid to study and not be disrespected by anyone within the location and in the class. Word Count: 814 Reference List: Gravells, A. and Simpson, S. (2008) Planning and Enabling Learning in the Lifelong Learning Sector Learning Matters Ltd. Exeter. How to cite Assignment 1 Ptlls, Level 4, Essay examples

Self Assessment Negotiation free essay sample

Before coming to negotiation work shop I strongly believed that it is not easy to get achieve Win-Win or Win loss results at every negotiation. That’s made me more excited to attend this work shop. In my personal life, people around me believe me that I am a good negotiator/ buyer as â€Å"buying research â€Å" is my routine activity. I have been successful most of the time in negotiating good deal for the things I buy in my personal life. When it comes to professional life, I get nervous as I have never though about utilizing my inherent skill that helps me to successfully negotiate in my personal life. I did acquire some more negotiation skill by experience and learning through co-workers but that was not enough get me high level of success. Work shop gave me an opportunity to look into many of my inherent skill and bring them out to be successful negotiator. Also learn lot of new things like acceptable power level aspiration and knowledge are key component to be a successful negotiator. Series of simulated negotiation with different scenario, gave me hands on experience in practice some of the things I learn in work shop and has increased my confident. With this work shop definitely increase the probability of a successful negotiation for me as and individual. To move forward , to strengthen my negotiation skill, I have done self assessment that describe my strength and weakness before workshop and strength and weakness after work shop. After that I will try to identify steps to over come my weakness. My Strength before negotiation : My strength as a negotiator before workshop, which I think I am able to identify through this work shop is I think, acquiring information by research, under standing power level. I think aspiration for some achievement, knowledge gained through research and communication skill are the source of my power. I do research, gather as much information I can regarding product / service , market, other parties strength and weakness , business practice prior to negotiation. I know there are solution to each problem come across during the negotiation, it all about how good you analyze your alternatives and move forward towards negotiation. Analysing alternative help us to expand pie and when pie is big enough , need to focus on multi – point instead of single point. This helps me to divide pie with a bigger share in my favour. When it comes to deciding target point, I try to be logical and reasonable. This means, I try to set my target point which is not too low that other party accept it easily or not too high that other party even loose interest in negotiation and walk away. My target is always based on logics and facts, so when it comes to declare target to other party I can logically explain why I am expecting this target. My weakness before negotiation: When it’s come to weakness, it is difficult for me to identify my own weakness but when ever failure occurs, I do realize that , I need to improve somewhere. There are always room for improvement , no matter how good you are at any thing. Prior to coming to this workshop, I was sure that I need some improvement be a successful negotiator. I was not sure about what area I need to improve or strengthen my skill ? One thing that I think was sure about my communication skill, being new immigrant to Canada from non-English speaking country , and having divers culture , I have issue with communication and pronunciation of some words which are difficult to understand others. I was able to justify my desires with logical explanations and convince them to do so. Negotiation is a conversation intended to resolve arguments, to reach to an agreement upon specific criteria, or to produce outcomes to meet different interests. Win-win strategy is what most professionals claim as their strategy when it comes to negotiation including myself. My purpose of doing this self-assessment is to come up with an action trplan to improve my negotiation skills. I believe my personal power is at an acceptable level. I have aspiration, confidence, skills, and knowledge which are the required components to be successful in a negotiation. Although, I am not that strong in leading a negotiation towards it’s ultimate goal. In order to increase the probability of a successful negotiation, for me as an individual, first I should identify the required steps and the order they should be taken in the course of a negotiation and try not to skip any step. The second item in my action plan is to improve my ability to construct trust-based negotiation. If trust is the basis of a negotiation, then both involved parties can think of a long relationship rather than one time transaction and it is what matters. My strengths as a negotiator before Negotiation workshop: As briefly mentioned in the executive summary, my personal power is my main strength. Aspiration, confidence, skills, and knowledge are the basic components which shape my power of negotiation. Prior to negotiation, I always do my homework; I believe being well-prepared is the first step before any negotiation. I try to collect as much information as possible. Adequate information about the other parties at the negotiation table, their history, interests, aversions, and possible positions give me the power which comes with knowledge and confidence. With regards to my negotiation skills, I am always positive when entering a negotiation. I personally believe there is always some sort of solution out there for each and every problem we may possibly face in the course of a negotiation. Evaluating of alternatives is what I do to expand the pie as much as possible. When the pie is reasonably expanded, then I get the chance not to focus on a single issue. Multi-dimensional target point gives me the ability to trade off and get what I want and satisfy anothers interests at the same time. I also try to be logical and reasonable in determining my target point. This is where my desire to make a deal possible comes to play. I try to set my target not too low and not too high. The goal setting process starts with defining the key points in my argument and my target point is where I realistically expect to come to an agreement. Setting reasonable target helps to keep the zone of possible alternatives (ZOPA) wider and it increases the possibility for a deal to happen. Over-aspiring makes a deal impossible or if the deal has to happen it may end up with a single transaction rather than a long relationship. My weaknesses as a negotiator before Negotiation workshop: It gets difficult whenever it comes to weaknesses. This was not easy for me to recognize the factors which make me fragile in a negotiation. Prior to the negotiation workshop, I knew for sure that there are some areas which I need to improve in, although, it was not clear to me which areas and obviously if you are not sure about the factors which make you weak in a negotiation you can not have any particular plan to improve it. This was the main factor that made me interested in the workshop at the first place. I thought that the workshop will definitely help me to utilize other people’s experiences and tactics to identify my areas for improvement. My strengths as a negotiator after Negotiation workshop: The workshop showed me that I was right in identifying my strengths and also made me aware of the importance of each and every aspect of it. The first strength that I believe I have gained during the workshop is to take advantage of the power of giving another party credit for what they are good at. With regards to negotiation, I used to think that you do not have to emphasize on other party’s strengths; I had the feeling that you should not show your interest in a deal. I have the ability to say good stuff about people or things but I had the wrong perception that if you show your interest or talk about the other party being great then you will be in the weak position. Now my approach has changed. I understand that this tool can help me as a negotiator to increase the trust on both sides. The second gained strength which I consider it as the most important for me is the ability to recognize my weaknesses and therefore ability to come upwith a plan to improve which I will explain comprehensively in the following sections. My weaknesses as a negotiator after Negotiation workshop and my action plan to improve it: During the negotiation workshop, I found out that my biggest weakness is not to follow a specific structure for my negotiations. Losing the track in the course of a negotiation has previously happened to me and according to my learning in the workshop I suppose the main cause was not to follow certain steps. My action plan to solve this problem is to follow the following steps in my negotiations: I did some research and I found that the following procedure is a common practice to pursue when negotiating: 1. To identify why are each of us at the table 2. Group agenda structure which will help to sustain a relationship during the course of a negotiation 3. Sharing information on interests, facts, and alternatives 4. Finding common ground 5. Brainstorming (To find creative solutions without judging) 6. Bargaining (To suggest the Best First Offer with something to satisfy everyones needs) 7. Finalizing (To get the agreements down on paper) All negotiations cover these steps, whether explicitly or implicitly. If one or more steps are skipped it will come back to haunt the efforts to find an efficient, stable, and wise solution. The second area that I discovered my need to work to improve it is trust and trust-based negotiations. It is easy to claim that my negotiation strategy is WIN-WIN; although, when it comes to reality there are not many negotiators who have the ability to perform an actual trust-based negotiation. My action plan to solve this problem is as follows: I should learn how to set wins conditions for the other party. I must put myself in their shoes and see what points are WIN conditions for them. Sometimes other party is more concerned about some less useful part of agreement in our side; we can take advantage of it by popping up that portion as core issue and make them feel that we care about what they want out of the negotiation. Based on my research if I know how to base my negotiation on the three following principals I will be able to make a trust-based negotiation: It’s about the relationship, not the transaction Seek all information from other party, and lead by sharing all your own Generalize this transaction multiple times into the future Negotiating by these principles will basically change the rules. If I can focus on the relationship instead of the one-time order, a wide range of options will be available to make a fair deal. This is clear that if someone knows that the other party is telling the truth, and is willing to be examined about any aspect of it, and then she/he has all the reasons to trust them.